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The Evidential and the Subjective

Evidential suffixes -tak and -shapan and the subjective affixes ka- ...-(u)a.

It seems that..., he must be..., I can see that..., it seems to me that...

 

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Uniam mak Shimun

Nuapatau atikᵘ.

I see caribou tracks.

Pimuteshapan atikᵘ.

A caribou must have walked by.

Eshe, tatakat atikuat nete katakᵘ.

Yes, it seems that there are some caribou way over there, in the distance.

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Tshan/Tshaune is elsewhere in the house. Shimun thinks he's asleep, but Shushan finds him awake.

Nipau a Tshan?

Is Tshan (John) asleep?

Eshe, nipatak.

Yes, he seems to be asleep. [since I can hear him snoring]

Mauat, eka nipaua an.

No, I can see that he's not asleep after all.

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(Marianne checked that the meat was cooked by touching it)

Uiash tshishtetak.

The meat must be cooked.

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(There is a smell of cooked meat in the house)

Ueshausham! Mitshim ute ka-takuanutaka!

Oh! There must be food here!

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